added student repo

s01/activity/activity.py

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+# Activity Solution:
+
+# 1. In the s01 folder, create an "activity" folder, and inside it, create an "activity.py" file.
+# 2. Create 5 variables and display them in the terminal using the following format:
+# "I am `<name (string)>`, and I am `<age (integer)>` years old, I work as a `<occupation (string)>`, and my rating for `<movie (string)>` is `<rating (decimal)>`%."
+
+name = "Jose"
+age = 38
+occupation = "writer"
+movie = "One more chance"
+rating = 99.6
+
+print(f"I am {name}, and I am {age} years old, I work as a {occupation}, and my rating for {movie} is {rating}%.")
+
+# 3. Create 3 variables named num1, num2, and num3.
+num1 = 10
+num2 = 15
+num3 = 12
+
+# Print the product of num1 and num2.
+print(num1 * num2)
+
+# Print whether num1 is less than num3.
+print(num1 < num3)
+
+# Add the value of num3 to num2, then print the updated value of num2.
+
+# 4. Update your local session Git repository and push to Git with the commit message "Add activity code s01".
+# 5. Add the repository link in Boodle for s01.

s01/discussion/discussion.py

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+# [SECTION] Comments in Python
+
+# In Python, comments are written using the "#" symbol.
+# Remember that comments are not read by the program; they are only for the user.
+# Comments can also be written inline.
+
+# [SECTION] Python Syntax
+
+# print() is a built-in function that displays text or other data in the terminal.
+print("Hello world!") 
+# Result: Hello World!
+
+# Like JavaScript, Python does not require semicolons at the end of statements.
+
+# To run a Python program:
+
+    # Windows and Linux
+        # python discussion.py
+
+    # MacOS
+        # python3 discussion.py
+
+    # print("Hello World!") 
+    # Result: IndentationError: unexpected indent
+
+# In many other programming languages, indentation is used only for readability, but in Python, it is essential because it indicates a block of code.
+
+# [SECTION] Naming convention
+# The terminology used for variable names is "identifier."
+# All identifiers should begin with a letter (A–Z or a–z) or an underscore (_).
+# After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters.
+# Unlike JavaScript, which uses camelCase, Python follows the snake_case convention for variable names, as defined in PEP 8 (Python Enhancement Proposal 8).
+# Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
+# Most importantly, identifiers are case-sensitive.
+
+age = 20
+middle_initial = "C"
+
+# [SECTION] Data Types
+# Data types convey what kind of information a variable holds. There are different types, each with its own purpose.
+
+# In Python, these are the commonly used data types:
+
+# Strings (str) - for alphanumeric characters and symbols
+full_name = "John Doe"
+secret_code = "Pa$$w0rd"
+
+# Numbers (int, float, complex) - for integers, decimals, and complex numbers
+num_of_days = 365
+pi_approx = 3.1416
+complex_num = 1 + 5j # This is a complex number, j represents the imaginary component
+
+# Boolean (bool) - for truth values
+is_learning = True
+is_difficult = False
+
+# [SECTION] Using variables
+
+# After declaring variables, they can be used by calling the identifier.
+print(full_name) 
+# Result: John Doe
+
+# Python allows assigning values to multiple variables in a single line:
+
+name1, name2, name3, name4 = "John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo"
+print(name1) 
+# Result: John
+print(name2) 
+# Result: Paul
+print(name3) 
+# Result: George
+print(name4) 
+# Result: Ringo
+
+# In Python, the "+" symbol can be used to concatenate strings.
+
+print("Concatenation in Python:")
+
+print("My name is " + full_name) 
+# Result: My name is John Doe
+
+# print("My age is " + age) 
+# Result: TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
+
+# [SECTION] Typecasting in Python
+
+# There may be times when you want to specify a type for a variable. This can be done using casting. Here are some functions you can use:
+
+print("Typecasting in Python:")
+
+# str() - converts the value into string
+print("My age is " + str(age)) 
+# Result: My age is 20
+
+# float() - converts the value into float
+print(float(age)) 
+# Result: 20.0
+
+# int() - converts the value into integer
+print(int(pi_approx)) 
+# Result: 3
+
+# Another way to avoid the type error without using typecasting is by using an f-string.
+# To use an f-string, add a lowercase f before the string, and place the variable you want to display inside curly braces {}.
+print(f"Hi, my name is {full_name}, and I am {age} years old.") 
+# Result: Hi, my name is John Doe, and I am 20 years old.
+
+# [SECTION] Operations
+
+# Python has families of operators that can be used to manipulate variables.
+
+# Arithmetic operators - performs mathematical operations
+print("Arithmetic Operators:")
+print(1 + 10) 
+# Result: 11
+print(15 - 8) 
+# Result: 7
+print(18 * 9) 
+# Result: 162
+print(21 / 7) 
+# Result: 3.0
+print(18 % 4) 
+# Result: 2
+print(2 ** 6) 
+# Result: 64
+
+# Assignment Operators - used to assign or update variable values
+print("Assignment Operators:")
+num1 = 3 
+num1 += 4
+print(num1) 
+# Result: 7
+
+# Note: Other assignment operators include -=, *=, /=, %=
+
+# Comparison Operators - used to compare values (returns a boolean value)
+print("Comparison Operators:")
+print(1 == 1) 
+# Result: True
+
+# Note: Other comparison operators include !=, >=, <=, >, <
+
+# Logical Operators - used to combine or evaluate multiple conditions
+print("Logical Operators:")
+print(True and False) 
+# Result: False
+print(not False) 
+# Result: True
+print(False or True) 
+# Result: True

s02/activity/activity.py

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+# Activity Solution:
+
+# 1. In the s02 folder, create an "activity" folder, and inside it, create an "activity.py" file.
+# 2. Accept a "year" input from the user and determine whether it is a leap year or not.
+
+year = int(input("Please input a year:\n"))
+if year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 != 0:
+    print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
+else:
+    print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")
+
+
+# 3. Accept two numbers ("row" and "column") from the user and create a grid of asterisks based on those values.
+
+row = int(input("Enter number of rows:\n")) 
+col = int(input("Enter number of columns:\n")) 
+
+i = 1
+j = 1
+str = ""
+while i <= row:
+    while j <= col:
+        str += "*"
+        j += 1
+    print(str)
+    i += 1
+
+# 4. Update your local session Git repository and push to Git with the commit message "Add activity code s02".
+# 5. Add the repository link in Boodle for s02.
+
+# Stretch Goal:
+# 1. Add a validation for the leap year input:
+#     - Strings are not allowed for inputs
+#     - No zero or negative values

s02/discussion/discussion.py

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# [SECTION] User Input
+
+# Python allows input from the user.
+
+# The input() function lets the user provide input to the program.
+username = input("Please enter your name:\n")
+
+print(f"Hello {username}! Welcome to the Python short course!")
+# Result: Hello John! Welcome to the Python short course!
+
+num1 = input("Enter 1st number:\n")
+num2 = input("Enter 2nd number:\n")
+
+print(f"The sum of num1 and num2 is {num1 + num2}")
+# Result: The sum of num1 and num2 is 1015
+
+# To solve this, the input values can be typecast to the appropriate data type.
+num1 = int(input("Enter 1st number:\n"))
+num2 = int(input("Enter 2nd number:\n"))
+print(f"The sum of num1 and num2 is {num1 + num2}") 
+# Result: The sum of num1 and num2 is 15
+
+# [SECTION] Control Structures
+
+# Control structures can be divided into selection and repetition structures.
+# Selection control structures allow a program to choose between options and execute specific code blocks based on the condition.
+# Repetition control structures enable a program to repeat certain blocks of code as long as a starting condition is met and until a terminating condition is reached.
+
+# Selection Control Structures
+# If-else statements are used to choose between two or more code blocks depending on the condition.
+
+test_num1 = 75
+
+if test_num1 >= 60:
+    print("Test passed")
+else:
+    print("Test failed")
+# Result: Test passed
+
+# If-else chains can also be used to provide more than two choices for the program.
+
+test_num2 = int(input("Please enter the test number:\n"))
+if test_num2 > 0:
+    print("The number is positive")
+elif test_num2 == 0:
+    print("The number is zero")
+else: 
+    print("The number is negative")
+# Result: 
+# (15): The number is positive
+# (0): The number is zero
+# (-15): The number is negative
+
+# Mini Exercise 1:
+# Create an if-else statement that determines if a number is divisible by 3, 5, or both.
+    # If the number is divisible by both 3 and 5, print "The number is divisible by both 3 and 5."
+    # If the number is divisible only by 3, print "The number is divisible by 3."
+    # If the number is divisible only by 5, print "The number is divisible by 5."
+    # If the number is not divisible by either, print "The number is not divisible by 3 or 5."
+
+# Solution:
+test_div_num = int(input("Please enter a number to test:\n"))
+if test_div_num % 3 == 0 and test_div_num % 5 == 0:
+    print(f"{test_div_num} is divisible by both 3 and 5")
+elif test_div_num % 3 == 0:
+    print(f"{test_div_num} is divisible by 3")
+elif test_div_num % 5 == 0:
+    print(f"{test_div_num} is divisible by 5")
+else:
+    print(f"{test_div_num} is not divisible by both 3 or 5")
+
+# Repetition Control Structure
+# Repetition control structures, also known as loops, allow you to execute a block of code repeatedly.
+
+# While loops are used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
+print("While Loop:")
+
+i = 1
+while i <= 5:
+    print(f"Current count {i}")
+    i += 1
+# Result:
+# Current count 1
+# Current count 2
+# Current count 3
+# Current count 4
+# Current count 5
+
+# For Loops in Python are used to iterate over a sequence.
+
+print("For Loop:")
+
+fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
+
+for indiv_fruit in fruits:
+    print(indiv_fruit)
+# Result:
+# apple
+# banana
+# cherry
+
+# To use a for loop to iterate through values, the range() function can be used.
+# The range() function is a built-in function in Python used to generate a sequence of numbers.
+
+print("For Loop with range() function:")
+
+for x in range(6):
+    print(f"The current value is {x}")
+# Result:
+# The current value is 0
+# The current value is 1
+# The current value is 2
+# The current value is 3
+# The current value is 4
+# The current value is 5
+
+# range() function with start and stop values
+for x in range(6, 10):
+    print(f"The current value is {x}")
+# Result:
+# The current value is 6
+# The current value is 7
+# The current value is 8
+# The current value is 9
+
+# range() function with start, stop, and step values
+for x in range(6, 20, 2):
+    print(f"The current value is {x}")
+# Result:
+# The current value is 6
+# The current value is 8
+# The current value is 10
+# The current value is 12
+# The current value is 14
+# The current value is 16
+# The current value is 18
+
+# [SECTION] Break Statement
+# The break statement is used to stop the loop.
+
+print("Break Statement in a While Loop:")
+
+j = 1
+
+while j < 6:
+    print(j)
+    if j == 3:
+        break # 
+    j += 1
+# Result:
+# 1
+# 2
+# 3
+
+# Continue Statement
+# The continue statement returns control to the beginning of the loop and continues with the next iteration.
+
+print("Continue Statement in a While Loop:")
+
+k = 1
+
+while k < 6:
+    k += 1
+    if k == 3:
+        continue
+    print(k)
+# Result:
+# 2
+# 4
+# 5
+# 6
+
+# This results in an infinite loop, preventing the program from finishing.
+
+k = 0
+while k < 6:
+    if k == 3:
+        continue
+    k += 1
+    print(k)
+# Result:
+# 1
+# 2
+# 3
+# .. infinite Loop

s03/activity/activity.py

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+# Activity Solution:
+
+# 1. In the s03 folder, create an "activity" folder, and inside it, create an "activity.py" file.
+# 2. Create a class called "Camper" and give it the attributes: name, batch, and course_type.
+
+class Camper():
+	def __init__(self, name, batch, course_type):
+		self.name = name
+		self.batch = batch
+		self.course_type = course_type
+
+# 3.Create a method called career_track that prints the string: `Currently enrolled in the <value of course_type> program.`
+
+	def career_track(self):
+		print(f'Currently enrolled in the {self.course_type} program.')
+
+# 4. Create a method called info that prints the string: `My name is <value of name> of batch <value of batch>.`
+
+	def info(self):
+		print(f'My name is {self.name} of batch.')
+
+# 5. Create an object from the Camper class called zuitt_camper, and pass in values for name, batch, and course_type.
+
+zuitt_camper = Camper('Alan', 100, 'Python Short Course')
+
+# 6. Print the values of name, batch, and course_type individually from the zuitt_camper object.
+
+print(f'Camper Name: {zuitt_camper.name}')
+
+# 7. Execute the info and career_track method of the object.
+
+zuitt_camper.career_track()
+zuitt_camper.info()
+
+# 8. Update your local session Git repository and push to Git with the commit message "Add activity code s03".
+# 9. Add the repository link in Boodle for s03.

s03/discussion/discussion.py

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+# [SECTION] Lists
+# Lists are similar to arrays in JavaScript in the sense that they can contain a collection of data.
+# To create a list, square brackets ([]) are used.
+
+names = ["John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo"] # String list
+programs = ['developer career', 'pi-shape', 'tech career package']
+durations = [260, 180, 20] # Number list
+truth_values = [True, False, True, True, False] # Boolean list
+
+# A list can contain elements of different data types:
+sample_list = ["Apple", 3, False, "Potato", 4, True]
+
+# Problems may arise if you try to use lists with multiple types for something that expects them to be all the same type.
+
+# Problems may arise if you try to use lists with multiple types for something that expects them to be all the same type.
+
+print("Lists:")
+
+# Getting list size
+# The number of elements in a list can be counted using the len() function.
+
+print(len(programs)) 
+# Result: 3 
+
+# Accessing values in lists
+# List elements can be accessed by providing their index number.
+# Indexing in lists starts at 0 and goes up to n - 1, where n is the number of elements.
+
+print(names[0])  
+# Result: John
+
+# Accessing the last item in the lists
+print(names[-1])  
+# Result: Ringo
+
+# Accesing the whole list
+print(durations) 
+# Result: [260, 180, 20]
+
+# Accessing a range of values
+# SYNTAX: list[start index : end index]
+print(programs[0:2])  
+# Result: ['developer career', 'pi-shape']
+
+# Mini Exercise 1:
+# Create a list of names of 5 students
+# Create a list of grades for the 5 students
+# Use a loop to iterate through the lists, printing in the following format: "The grade of <student> is <grade>".
+
+# Solution:
+students = ["Mary", "Matthew", "Tom", "Anna", "Thomas"]
+grades = [100, 85, 88, 90, 75]
+
+count = 0
+while count < len(students):
+    print(f"The grade of {students[count]} is {grades[count]}")
+    count += 1
+
+# Result:
+# The grade of Mary is 100
+# The grade of Matthew is 85
+# The grade of Tom is 88
+# The grade of Anna is 90
+# The grade of Thomas is 75
+
+# Updating List Elements
+
+# Print the current value
+print(f'Current value: {programs[2]}') 
+# Result: Current value: tech career package
+
+# Update the value
+programs[2] = 'short courses' 
+
+# Print the new value
+print(f'New value: {programs[2]}') 
+# Result: New value: short courses
+
+# [SECTION] List Manipulation
+# Lists have methods that can be used to manipulate their elements.
+
+# Adding list items – the append() method allows you to insert items at the end of the list.
+
+programs.append('global')
+print(programs) 
+# Result: ['developer career', 'pi-shape', 'Short Courses', 'global']
+
+# Deleting list items – the "del" keyword can be used to delete elements from the list.
+
+# Add a new item to the durations list
+durations.append(360)
+print(durations) 
+# Result: [260, 180, 20, 360]
+
+# Delete the last item on the list
+del durations[-1]
+print(durations) 
+# Result: [260, 180, 20]
+
+# Membership Checks – The "in" keyword checks if an element is in the list and returns True or False.
+print(20 in durations)  
+# Result: True
+print(500 in durations)  
+# Result: False
+
+# Sorting lists - the sort() method sorts the list alphanumerically, ascending, by default.
+names.sort()
+print(names) 
+# Result: ['George', 'John', 'Paul', 'Ringo']
+
+# Emptying the list - the clear() method is used to empty the contents of the list.
+test_list = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
+print(test_list)
+
+test_list.clear()
+print(test_list) 
+# Result: []
+
+# [SECTION] Dictionaries
+# Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs. This is similar to objects in JavaScript.
+# A dictionary is a collection that is ordered, changeable, and does not allow duplicates.
+# Ordered means that the items have a defined order, and that order will not change.
+# Changeable means that values can be modified.
+# To create a dictionary, curly braces ({}) are used, and key-value pairs are written as key: value.
+
+print("Dictionaries:")
+
+person1 = {
+    "name" : "Brandon",
+    "age" : 28,
+    "occupation" : "student",
+    "is_enrolled" : True,
+    "subjects" : ["Python", "SQL", "Django"]
+}
+
+# To get the number of key-pairs in the dictionary, the len() method can be used.
+print(len(person1)) 
+# Result: 5
+
+# To get a value from the dictionary, you can refer to its key using square brackets ([]).
+print(person1["name"]) 
+# Result: Brandon
+
+# The keys() method returns a view object containing all the keys in the dictionary.
+print(person1.keys()) 
+# Result: dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'occupation', 'is_enrolled', 'subjects'])
+
+# The values() method returns a view object containing all the values in the dictionary.
+print(person1.values()) 
+# Result: dict_values(['Brandon', 28, 'student', True, ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django']])
+
+# The items() method returns each item in the dictionary as key-value pairs in a view object.
+print(person1.items()) 
+# Result: dict_items([('name', 'Brandon'), ('age', 28), ('occupation', 'student'), ('is_enrolled', True), ('subjects', ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django'])])
+
+# Adding key-value pairs can be done either by assigning a new key using square brackets, or by using the update() method.
+
+# Using new index
+person1["nationality"] = "Filipino"
+print(person1) 
+# Result: {'name': 'Brandon', 'age': 28, 'occupation': 'student', 'is_enrolled': True, 'subjects': ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django'], 'nationality': 'Filipino'}
+
+# Using update() method
+person1.update({"fav_food" : "Sinigang"})
+print(person1) 
+# Result: {'name': 'Brandon', 'age': 28, 'occupation': 'student', 'is_enrolled': True, 'subjects': ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django'], 'nationality': 'Filipino', 'fav_food': 'Sinigang'}
+
+# Deleting entries can be done using the pop() method or the del keyword
+
+# Using pop() method
+person1.pop("fav_food")
+print(person1) 
+# Result: {'name': 'Brandon', 'age': 28, 'occupation': 'student', 'is_enrolled': True, 'subjects': ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django'], 'nationality': 'Filipino'}
+
+# Using del keyword
+del person1["nationality"]
+print(person1) 
+# Result: {'name': 'Brandon', 'age': 28, 'occupation': 'student', 'is_enrolled': True, 'subjects': ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django']}
+
+# Emptying the Dictionary
+
+person2 = {
+    "name" : "John",
+    "age" : 18
+}
+
+print(person2) 
+# Result: {'name': 'John', 'age': 18}
+
+# The clear() method empties the dictionary
+person2.clear()
+
+print(person2) 
+# Result: {}
+
+# Looping through dictionaries
+print("Looping through dictionaries:")
+
+for key in person1:
+    print(f"The value of {key} is {person1[key]}")
+
+# Result:
+# The value of name is Brandon
+# The value of age is 28
+# The value of occupation is student
+# The value of is_enrolled is True
+# The value of subjects is ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django']
+
+# Nested dictionaries - dictionaries can be nested inside each other
+person3 = {
+    "name": "Monika",
+    "age": 20,
+    "occupation": "poet",
+    "is_enrolled": True,
+    "subjects": ["Python", "SQL", "Django"]
+}
+
+classroom = {
+    "student1" : person1,
+    "student2" : person3 
+}
+print(classroom) 
+# Result: {'student1': {'name': 'Brandon', 'age': 28, 'occupation': 'student', 'is_enrolled': True, 'subjects': ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django']}, 'student2': {'name': 'Monika', 'age': 20, 'occupation': 'poet', 'is_enrolled': True, 'subjects': ['Python', 'SQL', 'Django']}}
+
+# [SECTION] Functions
+# Functions are blocks of code that run when called.
+# The "def" keyword is used to create a function.
+# SYNTAX: def function_name():
+
+def my_greeting():
+    # Code to be run when my_greeting is called
+    print('Hello User!')
+
+print("Functions:")
+
+# Calling/invoking a function
+my_greeting() 
+# Result: Hello User!
+
+# Parameters in functions allow you to specify what inputs the function expects and provide more control over how the function behaves.
+def greet_user(username): 
+    # prints out the value of the username parameter
+    print(f'Hello, {username}!')
+
+# Arguments are the actual values that are passed into the function when it is called.
+greet_user("Bob") 
+# Result: Hello, Bob!
+greet_user("Amy") 
+# Result: Hello, Amy!
+
+# The "return" keyword allows a function to return values.
+def addition(num1, num2):
+    return num1 + num2
+
+sum = addition(5, 10)
+print(f"The sum is {sum}") 
+# Result: The sum is 15
+
+# A lambda function is a small, anonymous function that can be used for callbacks or short, throwaway operations.
+# It works like any regular Python function, but it has no name and is defined using a single line of code.
+# A lambda function can take any number of arguments but can only contain one expression.
+
+greeting = lambda person : f'Hello {person}!'
+print(greeting("Jane")) 
+# Result: Hello Jane!
+
+multiplication = lambda a, b : a * b
+print(multiplication(3, 5)) 
+# Result: 15
+
+# Mini Exercise 2:
+# Create a function that returns the square of a number.
+# Use 5 as argument, result should be 25.
+# Print "The square is {result}."
+
+# Solution:
+def sqr(num):
+    return num * num # or return num ** 2
+
+result = sqr(5)
+print(f"The square is {result}.") 
+# Result: The square is 25.
+
+# [SECTION] Classes
+# Classes serve as blueprints that describe the concept of objects.
+# Each object has characteristics (called properties) and behaviors (called methods).
+# Imagine the concept of a car: a car has a brand, model, and year of make, and it can drive, brake, and turn.
+# To create a class, use the "class" keyword followed by a class name that starts with an uppercase letter.
+# SYNTAX: class ClassName():
+
+class Car():
+    # The properties that all Car objects must have are defined in a method called __init__.
+    # Any number of parameters can be passed to __init__(), but the first parameter should always be self.
+    # self refers to the current instance of the class
+    # When a Car instance is created, that instance is automatically passed to the self parameter.    
+    def __init__(self, brand, model, year_of_make):
+        self.brand = brand
+        self.model = model
+        self.year_of_make = year_of_make
+
+        # Other properties can be added and assigned hard-coded values.
+        self.fuel = "Gasoline"
+        self.fuel_level = 0
+    
+    # Methods are functions defined inside a class.
+    # Method to simulate filling the fuel tank
+    def fill_fuel(self):
+        print(f'Current fuel level: {self.fuel_level}')
+        print('filling up the fuel tank...')
+        self.fuel_level = 100
+        print(f'New fuel level: {self.fuel_level}')
+    # Mini Exercise solution
+    def drive(self, distance):
+        print(f"The car has driven {distance} kilometers")
+        print(f"The fuel level left: {self.fuel_level - distance}")
+
+# Creating a new instance is done by calling the class and providing the required arguments
+new_car = Car("Nissan", "GT-R", "2019")
+
+print("Classes:")
+
+# Displaying attributes can be done using dot notation
+print(f"My car is a {new_car.brand} {new_car.model}") 
+# Result: My car is a Nissan GT-R
+
+# Calling methods on the instance
+new_car.fill_fuel()
+# Result:
+# Current fuel level: 0
+# filling up the fuel tank...
+# New fuel level: 100
+
+# Mini Exercise solution
+new_car.drive(50)
+# Result:
+# The car has driven 50 kilometers
+# The fuel level left: 50

s04/activity/activity.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Activity Solution:
+
+# 1. Create an activity folder and an activity.py file inside of it.
+# 2. Create an abstract class called Animal that has the following abstract methods:
+#       a. eat(food)
+#       b. make_sound()
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+class Animal(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def eat(self, food):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def make_sound(self):
+        pass    
+
+# 3. Create two classes that implements the Animal class called Cat and Dog with each of the following properties and methods:
+#       a. Properties:
+#           - name
+#           - breed
+#           - age
+#       b. Methods:
+#           - getters and setters
+#           - implementation of abstract methods
+#           - call()
+
+class Dog(Animal):
+    def __init__(self, name, breed, age):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._name = name
+        self._breed = breed
+
+    def get_breed(self):
+        return self._breed
+    
+    def get_age(self):
+        return self._age
+
+    def set_name(self, name):
+        self._name = name
+    
+    def set_breed(self, breed):
+        self._breed = breed
+
+    def eat(self, food):
+        print(f"Eaten {food}")
+
+    def make_sound(self):
+        print(f"Bark! Woof! Arf!")
+
+    def call(self):
+        print(f"Here {self._name}!")
+
+class Cat(Animal):
+    def __init__(self, name, breed, age):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._name = name
+        self._breed = breed
+
+    def get_name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def get_breed(self):
+        return self._breed
+
+    def get_age(self):
+        return self._age
+
+    def set_breed(self, breed):
+        self._breed = breed
+
+    def eat(self, food):
+        print(f"Serve me {food}")
+
+    def make_sound(self):
+        print(f"Miaow! Nyaw! Nyaaaaa!")
+
+    def call(self):
+        print(f"{self._name}, come on!")
+
+# Test Cases:
+dog1 = Dog("Isis", "Dalmatian", 15)
+dog1.eat("Steak")
+dog1.make_sound()
+dog1.call()
+
+cat1 = Cat("Puss", "Persian", 4)
+cat1.eat("Tuna")
+cat1.make_sound()
+cat1.call()
+
+# Update your local session git repository and push to git with the commit message of Add activity code s04.
+# Add the repo link in Boodle for s04.

s04/discussion/discussion.py

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# To create a class, the "class" keyword is used along with a class name that starts with an uppercase letter.
+# SYNTAX: class ClassName():
+
+class SampleClass():
+    # The properties that all SampleClass objects must have are defined in a method called __init__.
+    # Any number of parameters can be passed to __init__(), but the first parameter should always be self.
+    # When a SampleClass instance is created, that instance is automatically passed to the self parameter. 
+    def __init__(self, year):
+        self.year = year
+
+    # Methods are functions defined inside a class.
+    def show_year(self):
+        print(f'The year is: {self.year}')
+
+# Creating an instance of SampleClass by calling the class and passing the required argument
+myObj = SampleClass(2020)
+
+# To access properties and call methods of an object instance, use dot notation
+print(myObj.year)
+# Result: 2020
+myObj.show_year()
+# Result: The year is: 2020
+
+# [SECTION] Fundamentals of OOP
+# There are four main fundamental principles in OOP
+    # Encapsulation
+    # Inheritance
+    # Polymorphism
+    # Abstraction
+
+# [SECTION] Encapsulation
+# Encapsulation is a mechanism of wrapping the attributes and the methods that act on them together as a single unit.
+# In encapsulation, the attributes of a class are hidden from other classes and can be accessed only through the methods of the current class.
+# Therefore, it is also known as data hiding.
+
+# To achieve encapsulation:
+    # Declare the attributes of a class.
+    # Provide getter and setter methods to view and modify the attribute values.
+
+# Why use encapsulation?
+    # The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only.
+    # A class can have full control over what is stored in its fields.
+
+class Person():
+    def __init__(self):
+        # The underscore prefix is a convention that signals: "Be careful with this attribute, it's intended for internal use within the class."
+        # Protected attribute: _name
+        self._name = "John Doe"
+        # Mini Exercise solution
+        self._age = 20
+    
+    # setter method
+    def set_name(self, name):
+        self._name = name
+
+    # getter method
+    def get_name(self):
+        print(f'Name of Person: {self._name}')
+
+    # Mini Exercise solution
+    # setter method set_age
+    def set_age(self, age):
+        self._age = age
+
+    # getter method get_age
+    def get_age(self):
+        print(f'Age of Person: {self._age}')
+
+# Creating an instance of the Person class
+person1 = Person()
+
+print("Encapsulation:")
+
+# getter
+person1.get_name()
+# Result: Name of Person: John Doe
+
+# setter
+person1.set_name("Bob Doe")
+
+person1.get_name()
+# Result: Name of Person: Bob Doe  
+
+# Mini Exercise 1:
+# Add another protected attribute called "age"
+# Create the necessary getter and setter methods
+# Output: "Age of Person: <age>"
+
+# Mini Exercise solution
+person1.set_age(20)
+person1.get_age()
+# Result: Age of Person: 20
+
+# [SECTION] Inheritance
+# Inheritance is the transfer of characteristics from one class (the parent) to other classes (the children) derived from it.
+# For example, an employee is a person with additional attributes and methods.
+# To create a subclass (inherited class), specify the parent class in the class definition.
+# SYNTAX: class ChildClassName(ParentClassName):
+
+class Employee(Person):
+    def __init__(self, employeeId):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._employeeId = employeeId
+   
+    # getter method
+    def get_employeeId(self):
+        print(f"The Employee ID is {self._employeeId}")
+
+    # setter method
+    def set_employeeId(self, employeeId):
+        self._employeeId = employeeId
+
+    # custom methods
+    # Custom methods are methods you create in a class to do specific tasks that aren't built-in or inherited.
+    def get_details(self):
+        print(f"{self._employeeId} belongs to {self._name}")
+
+# Creating an instance of the Employee class
+emp1 = Employee("Emp-001")
+
+emp1.get_details() 
+# Result: Emp-001 belongs to John Doe
+
+print("Inheritance:")
+
+emp1.set_name("Bob Doe")
+emp1.get_details() 
+# Result: Emp-001 belongs to Bob Doe
+
+# Mini Exercise 2:
+# Create a new class called Student that inherits Person with the additional attributes and methods.
+
+# Attributes:
+    # Student No
+    # Course
+    # Year Level
+
+# Methods:
+    # Necessary getters and setters
+    # get_detail: prints the output `<Student name> is currently in year <year level> taking up <course>`
+
+# Solution:
+class Student(Person):
+    def __init__(self, studentNo, course, year_level):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._studentNo = studentNo
+        self._course = course
+        self._year_level = year_level
+    
+    # getters
+    def get_studentNo(self):
+        print(f"Student number of Student is {self._studentNo}")
+
+    def get_course(self):
+        print(f"Course of Student is {self._course}")
+
+    def get_year_level(self):
+        print(f"The Year Level of Student is {self._year_level}")
+
+    # setters
+    def set_studentNo(self, studentNo):
+        self._studentNo = studentNo
+    
+    def set_course(self, course):
+        self._course = course
+    
+    def set_year_level(self, year_level):
+        self._year_level = year_level
+
+    # custom method
+    def get_details(self):
+        print(f"{self._name} is currently in year {self._year_level} taking up {self._course}.")
+
+# Creating an instance of the Student class
+student1 = Student("stdt-001", "Computer Science", 1)
+
+student1.set_name("Brandon Smith")
+# Result: Brandon Smith
+student1.get_details()
+# Result: Brandon Smith is currently in year 1 taking up Computer Science.
+
+# [SECTION] Polymorphism
+# A child class inherits all the methods from its parent class. However, in some situations, a method inherited from the parent class may not fully suit the child class. In such cases, you need to re-implement the method in the child class.
+# Polymorphism in Python refers to defining methods in the child class with the same name as those in the parent class.
+# Through inheritance, the child class can reuse methods from the parent class, but it can also modify or override them to fit its own needs.
+
+# Polymorphism with Inheritance
+class Zuitt():
+    def tracks(self):
+        print('We are currently offering 3 tracks(developer career, pi-shape career, and short courses)')
+
+    def num_of_hours(self):
+        print('Learn web development in 360 hours!')
+
+class DeveloperCareer(Zuitt):
+    # Override the parent's num_of_hours() method
+    def num_of_hours(self):
+        print('Learn the basics of web development in 240 hours!')
+
+class PiShapedCareer(Zuitt):
+    # Override the parent's num_of_hours() method
+    def num_of_hours(self):
+        print('Learn skills for no-code app development in 140 hours!')
+
+course1 = DeveloperCareer()
+course2 = PiShapedCareer()
+
+print("Polymorphism:")
+course1.num_of_hours()
+# Result: Learn the basics of web development in 240 hours!
+course2.num_of_hours()
+# Result: Learn skills for no-code app development in 140 hours!
+
+# Mini Exercise 3:
+# Add another child class named ShortCourses
+# Method “num_of_hours” should print: Learn advanced topics in web development in 20 hours!
+
+# Solution:
+class ShortCourses(Zuitt):
+    def num_of_hours(self):
+        print("Learn advanced topics in web development in 20 hours!")
+
+# Mini Exercise solution
+course3 = ShortCourses()
+
+# Mini Exercise solution
+course3.num_of_hours()
+# Result: Learn advanced topics in web development in 20 hours!
+
+# Polymorphism with Functions and Objects
+# You can use different functions, class methods, or objects to demonstrate polymorphism.
+
+# A function can be created that accepts any object, allowing polymorphic behavior.
+class Admin():
+    def is_admin(self):
+        print(True)
+
+    def user_type(self):
+        print('Admin User')
+
+class Customer():
+    def is_admin(self):
+        print(False)
+
+    def user_type(self):
+        print('Regular User')
+
+# Define a test function that takes an object called obj
+def test_function(obj):
+    obj.is_admin()
+    obj.user_type()
+
+# Create object instances for Admin and Customer
+user_admin = Admin()
+user_customer = Customer()
+
+# Pass the created instances to the test_function
+test_function(user_admin)
+# Result:
+# True
+# Admin User
+
+test_function(user_customer)
+# Result:
+# False
+# Regular User
+
+# The test_function calls the methods of the object passed to it, producing different outputs depending on the object type.
+
+# Polymorphism with Class Methods
+
+# Python can use different class types in the same way.
+# For example, a for loop can iterate through a collection of objects.
+# The loop calls the same methods on each object, regardless of its class type.
+
+class TeamLead():
+    def occupation(self):
+        print('Team Lead')
+
+    def hasAuth(self):
+        print(True)
+
+
+class TeamMember():
+    def occupation(self):
+        print('Team Member')
+
+    def hasAuth(self):
+        print(False)
+
+tl1 = TeamLead()
+tm1 = TeamMember()
+
+for person in (tl1, tm1):
+    # Call the occupation method on each object
+    person.occupation()
+    person.hasAuth()
+# Result:
+# Team Lead
+# True
+# Team Member
+# False
+
+# In each iteration, the variable "person" refers to either tl1 or tm1, depending on the order in the loop. This demonstrates polymorphism in action.
+
+# [SECTION] Abstraction
+# An abstract class can be considered a blueprint for other classes. It allows you to define a set of methods that must be implemented in any child class that inherits from it.
+# A class that contains one or more abstract methods is called an abstract class.
+# An abstract method is a method that is declared but contains no implementation.
+# Abstract classes are used to provide a common interface for different classes with different implementations.
+# By default, Python does not support abstract classes directly. However, it provides the abc module, which allows you to define Abstract Base Classes (ABCs).
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod  # Importing ABC and abstractmethod from the abc module
+
+# Polygon inherits from ABC, making it an abstract class
+class Polygon(ABC):
+
+    # Abstract method that must be implemented by any subclass
+    @abstractmethod
+    # This method is meant to be overridden in subclasses; no implementation here
+    def printNumberOfSides(self):
+        # The pass keyword indicates that the method is intentionally left blank
+        pass
+
+class Triangle(Polygon):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+
+    # Implementation of the abstract method
+    def printNumberOfSides(self):
+        print("This polygon has 3 sides.")
+
+class Pentagon(Polygon):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+
+    # Implementation of the abstract method
+    def printNumberOfSides(self):
+        print("This polygon has 5 sides.")
+
+# Create instances and call the method
+shape1 = Triangle()
+shape2 = Pentagon()
+
+print("Abstraction:")
+shape1.printNumberOfSides()
+# Result: This polygon has 3 sides.
+shape2.printNumberOfSides()
+# Result: This polygon has 5 sides.

s05/activity/activity.py

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+## Capstone Specifications
+
+# 1. In the s05 folder, create an "activity" folder, and inside it, create an "activity.py" file.
+# 2. Create a **Person** class, which is an **abstract class**, and includes the following methods:
+#     - getFullName() method
+#     - addRequest() method
+#     - checkRequest() method
+#     - addUser() method
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+class Person(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def getFullName(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def addRequest(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def checkRequest(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def addUser(self):
+        pass
+
+# 3. Create an **Employee** class that **inherits from Person** class, with the following properties and methods:
+#     - Properties (Define the properties as **protected**, and implement **getters and setters** for each.)
+#         - firstName
+#         - lastName
+#         - email
+#         - department
+
+class Employee(Person):
+    def __init__(self, firstName, lastName, email, department):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._firstName = firstName
+        self._lastName = lastName
+        self._email = email
+        self._department = department
+
+    # getters and setters
+    def get_firstName(self):
+        return self._firstName
+
+    def get_lastName(self):
+        return self._lastName
+
+    def get_email(self):
+        return self._email
+
+    def get_department(self):
+        return self._department
+
+    def set_firstName(self, firstName):
+        self._firstName = firstName
+
+    def set_lastName(self, lastName):
+        self._lastName = lastName
+
+    def set_email(self, email):
+        self._email = email
+
+    def set_department(self, department):
+        self._department = department
+
+#     - Abstract methods
+#         - getFullName() - outputs the full name
+#         - addRequest() - outputs "Request has been added"
+#         - checkRequest() - pass
+#         - addUser() - pass
+
+    def getFullName(self):
+        return f"{self._firstName } {self._lastName}"
+
+    def addRequest(self):
+        return "Request has been added"
+
+    def checkRequest(self):
+        pass
+
+    def addUser(self):
+        pass
+
+#     - Custom methods
+#         - login() - outputs "<Email> has logged in"
+#         - logout() - outputs "<Email> has logged out"
+
+    def login(self):
+        return f"{self._email} has logged in"
+
+    def logout(self):
+        return f"{self._email} has logged out"
+
+# 4. Create a **TeamLead** class that **inherits from Person** class with the following properties and methods:
+#     - Properties (Define the properties as **protected**, and implement **getters and setters** for each.)
+#         - firstName
+#         - lastName
+#         - email
+#         - department
+#         - members - empty list
+
+class TeamLead(Person):
+    def __init__(self, firstName, lastName, email, department):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._firstName = firstName
+        self._lastName = lastName
+        self._email = email
+        self._department = department
+        self._members = []
+
+    # getters and setters
+    def get_firstName(self):
+        return self._firstName
+
+    def get_lastName(self):
+        return self._lastName
+
+    def get_email(self):
+        return self._email
+
+    def get_department(self):
+        return self._department
+
+    def get_members(self):
+        return self._members
+
+    def set_firstName(self, firstName):
+        self._firstName = firstName
+
+    def set_lastName(self, lastName):
+        self._lastName = lastName
+
+    def set_email(self, email):
+        self._email = email
+
+    def set_department(self, department):
+        self._department = department
+
+#     - Abstract methods
+#         - getFullName() - outputs the full name
+#         - addRequest() - pass
+#         - checkRequest() - outputs "Request has been checked"
+#         - addUser() - pass
+
+    def getFullName(self):
+        return f"{self._firstName } {self._lastName}"
+
+    def addRequest(self):
+        pass
+
+    def checkRequest(self):
+        return "Request has been checked"
+
+    def addUser(self):
+        pass
+
+#     - Custom methods
+#         - login() - outputs "<Email> has logged in"
+#         - logout() - outputs "<Email> has logged out"
+#         - addMember() - adds an employee to the members list
+
+    def login(self):
+        return f"{self._email} has logged in"
+
+    def logout(self):
+        return f"{self._email} has logged out"
+
+    def addMember(self, teamMember):
+        self._members.append(teamMember)
+
+# 5. Create an **Admin** class the **inherits from Person** class with the following properties and methods:
+#     - Properties (Define the properties as **protected**, and implement **getters and setters** for each.)
+#         - firstName
+#         - lastName
+#         - email
+#         - department
+
+class Admin(Person):
+    def __init__(self, firstName, lastName, email, department):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._firstName = firstName
+        self._lastName = lastName
+
+    # getters and setters
+    def get_firstName(self):
+        return self._firstName
+
+    def get_lastName(self):
+        return self._lastName
+
+    def get_email(self):
+        return self._email
+
+    def get_department(self):
+        return self._department
+
+    def set_firstName(self, firstName):
+        self._firstName = firstName
+
+    def set_lastName(self, lastName):
+        self._lastName = lastName
+
+    def set_department(self, department):
+        self._department = department
+
+#     - Abstract methods
+#         - getFullName() - outputs the full name
+#         - addRequest() - pass
+#         - checkRequest() - pass
+#         - addUser() - outputs "User has been added"
+
+    def getFullName(self):
+        return f"{self._firstName } {self._lastName}"
+
+    def addRequest(self):
+        pass
+
+    def checkRequest(self):
+        pass
+
+    def addUser(self):
+        return "User has been added"
+
+#     - Custom methods
+#         - login() - outputs "<Email> has logged in"
+#         - logout() - outputs "<Email> has logged out"
+
+    def login(self):
+        return f"{self._email} has logged in"
+
+    def logout(self):
+        return f"{self._email} has logged out"
+
+# 6. Create a **Request** class with the following properties and methods:
+#     - Properties (Define the properties as **protected**, and implement **getters and setters** for each.)
+#         - name
+#         - requester
+#         - dateRequested
+#         - status - "Open"
+
+class Request():
+    def __init__(self, name, requester, dateRequested):
+        self._name = name
+        self._requester = requester
+        self._dateRequested = dateRequested
+        self._status = "Open"
+    
+    # getters and setters
+    def get_name(self):
+        return self._name
+    
+    def get_requester(self):
+        return self._requester
+
+    def get_dateRequested(self):
+        return self._dateRequested
+    
+    def get_status(self):
+        return self._status
+
+    def set_name(self, name):
+        self._name = name
+    
+    def set_requester(self, requester):
+        self._requester = requester
+
+
+    def set_status(self, status):
+        self._status = status
+
+#     - Custom Methods
+#         - updateRequest() - outputs “Request <name> has been updated”
+#         - closeRequest() - outputs “Request <name> has been closed”
+#         - cancelRequest() - outputs “Request <name> has been cancelled”
+
+    def updateRequest(self):
+        return f"Request has been updated"
+
+    def closeRequest(self):
+        return f"Request has been closed"
+
+    def cancelRequest(self):
+        return f"Request has been cancelled"
+
+# 7. Comment out the test cases before updating the local session Git repository.
+# 8. Update your local session Git repository and push to Git with the commit message "Add activity code s05".
+# 9. Add the repository link in Boodle for s05.
+
+# Test cases:
+
+employee1 = Employee("John", "Doe", "djohn@mail.com", "Marketing")
+employee2 = Employee("Jane", "Smith", "sjane@mail.com", "Marketing")
+employee3 = Employee("Robert", "Patterson", "probert@mail.com", "Sales")
+employee4 = Employee("Brandon", "Smith", "sbrandon@mail.com", "Sales")
+admin1 = Admin("Monika", "Justin", "jmonika@mail.com", "Marketing")
+teamLead1 = TeamLead("Michael", "Specter", "smichael@mail.com", "Sales")
+req1 = Request("New hire orientation", teamLead1, "27-Jul-2021")
+req2 = Request("Laptop repair", employee1, "1-Jul-2021")
+
+assert employee1.getFullName() == "John Doe", "Full name should be John Doe"
+assert admin1.getFullName() == "Monika Justin", "Full name should be Monika Justin"
+assert teamLead1.getFullName() == "Michael Specter", "Full name should be Michael Specter"
+assert employee2.login() == "sjane@mail.com has logged in"
+assert employee2.addRequest() == "Request has been added"
+assert employee2.logout() == "sjane@mail.com has logged out"
+
+teamLead1.addMember(employee3)
+teamLead1.addMember(employee4)
+for indiv_emp in teamLead1.get_members():
+    print(indiv_emp.getFullName())
+
+assert admin1.addUser() == "User has been added"
+
+req2.set_status("closed")
+print(req2.closeRequest())